Ketamine Analgesia for Refractory Mucositis Pain (KARM): A prospective, double-blind, randomised, phase 2 study of ketamine for oral and pharyngeal mucositis pain.
Abstract
<h4>Background</h4>Oral and pharyngeal mucositis (OM) pain is often severe, distressing, and effective analgesic management remains challenging, particularly when pain is inadequately controlled with opioids. Ketamine, a potent NMDA-receptor antagonist, has shown promise in open-label studies. This study evaluated the efficacy of ketamine versus an active placebo for treatment-related OM pain, alongside examining its pharmacokinetics, adverse effects, and the influence of CYP2B6 polymorphisms.<h4>Patients and methods</h4>Adults with OM and an average Brief Pain Inventory pain score ≥4/10 were randomised to receive either ketamine plus 5 mg midazolam or an active placebo consisting of midazolam 5 mg to maintain blinding administered as a 24-hour continuous subcutaneous infusion for 3-5 days. Ketamine doses were escalated from 100 to 300 mg/day. The primary endpoint was average pain severity, and that between-group comparisons were performed using a repeated-measures analysis evaluating the treatment-by-time interaction.<h4>Results</h4>Linear mixed method analysis of 16 patients revealed a significant, clinically meaningful pain reduction in 77.8% of the ketamine group compared to 14.3% in the placebo group (p=0.04). Compared to the placebo, ketamine significantly reduced average pain score (-5.40 vs. -0.72; p<0.01), worst pain score (-5.82 vs. -1.1; p=0.027), and verbal rating scale scores over time (-5.12 vs. -0.41; p<0.01). Post-hoc analysis confirmed these findings from Day 1 to 5 relative to baseline. Mean daily opioid requirements were significantly lower in the ketamine group compared to baseline (-1.29mg vs. +64.63mg; p=0.028). Adverse effects were mild and typically psychomimetic, with no between-group differences. CYP2B6 *1 and *6 variants were identified (66.7% and 33.3% allelic frequencies, respectively), but genotypes showed no significant differences in ketamine metabolism, analgesic response, or adverse effects.<h4>Conclusions</h4>Low-dose continuous subcutaneous ketamine infusion appears effective and well-tolerated for opioid-refractory moderate to severe OM pain.
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