Chemistry and Toxicology of Major Bioactive Substances in <i>Inocybe</i> Mushrooms.

Abstract

Mushroom poisoning has always been a threat to human health. There are a large number of reports about ingestion of poisonous mushrooms every year around the world. It attracts the attention of researchers, especially in the aspects of toxin composition, toxic mechanism and toxin application in poisonous mushroom. <i>Inocybe</i> is a large genus of mushrooms and contains toxic substances including muscarine, psilocybin, psilocin, aeruginascin, lectins and baeocystin. In order to prevent and remedy mushroom poisoning, it is significant to clarify the toxic effects and mechanisms of these bioactive substances. In this review article, we summarize the chemistry, most known toxic effects and mechanisms of major toxic substances in <i>Inocybe</i> mushrooms, especially muscarine, psilocybin and psilocin. Their available toxicity data (different species, different administration routes) published formerly are also summarized. In addition, the treatment and medical application of these toxic substances in <i>Inocybe</i> mushrooms are also discussed. We hope that this review will help understanding of the chemistry and toxicology of <i>Inocybe</i> mushrooms as well as the potential clinical application of its bioactive substances to benefit human beings.

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