<i>Pseudospermaarenarium</i> (Inocybaceae), a new poisonous species from Eurasia, based on morphological, ecological, molecular and biochemical evidence.

Abstract

In this study, <i>Pseudospermaarenarium</i> is proposed as a new species, based on morphological, ecological, molecular and biochemical evidence. The new species grows on sandy ground under <i>Populus</i> and <i>Pinussylvestris</i> in north-western China and northern Europe, respectively. It is characterised by the combination of the robust habit, nearly glabrous pileus, large cylindrical basidiospores, thin-walled cheilocystidia and ecological associations with <i>Populusalba</i> × <i>P.berolinensis</i> and <i>Pinussylvestris</i> and unique phylogenetic placement. Additionally, a comprehensive toxin determination of the new species using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry was conducted. Results showed that it was a muscarine-positive species. The content were approximately five times higher in the pilei [4012.2 ± 803.1-4302.3 ± 863.2 mg/kg (<i>k</i> = 2, <i>p</i> = 95%)] than in the stipes [850.4 ± 171.1-929.1 ± 184.2 mg/kg (<i>k</i> = 2, <i>p</i> = 95%)], demonstrating the severity of mushroom poisoning when patients consumed different parts of the poisonous mushroom. Amatoxins, phallotoxins, ibotenic acid, muscimol, psilocybin and psilocin were not detected.

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