Cultivation, chemistry, and genome of <i>Psilocybe zapotecorum</i>.

Abstract

<i>Psilocybe zapotecorum</i> is a strongly blue-bruising psilocybin mushroom used by indigenous groups in southeastern Mexico and beyond. While this species has a rich history of ceremonial use, research into its chemistry and genetics has been limited. Herein, we report on mushroom morphology, cultivation parameters, chemical profile, and the full genome sequence of <i>P. zapotecorum</i>. First, we detail growth and cloning methods that are simple, and reproducible. In combination with high resolution microscopic analysis, the strain was identified by DNA barcoding, confirming the field identification. Full genome sequencing reveals the architecture of the psilocybin gene cluster in <i>P. zapotecorum</i>, and can serve as a reference genome for <i>Psilocybe</i> clade I. Characterization of the tryptamine profile revealed a psilocybin concentration of 17.9 ± 1.7 mg/g, with a range of 10.6-25.7 mg/g (<i>n</i> = 7), and similar tryptamines (psilocin, baeocystin, norbaeocystin, norpsilocin, aeruginascin, and 4-HO-tryptamine) in lesser concentrations for a combined tryptamine concentration of 22.5 ± 3.2 mg/g. These results show <i>P. zapotecorum</i> to be a potent and chemically variable <i>Psilocybe</i> mushroom. Chemical profiling, genetic analysis, and cultivation assist in demystifying these mushrooms. As clinical studies with psilocybin gain traction, understanding the diversity of <i>Psilocybe</i> expands the conversation beyond the molecule.

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